六月英语单词

　　看了一下上个月的日志，感觉效果不是很好，这个月换个思路写。内容依照某朱姓老师的课来组织，感谢。

June 1

State

v. （尤指清楚谨慎地）声称，宣称，表明

n. 政府，国家，州；状态，情况

adj. 国有的，国家的

state-owned enterprise

例句

He stated that “all hell will break loose, politically and morally, all over the world”

break loose 松开

考点

to seek permission from state regulators

a state of mind

派生

statement

名人名言

Happiness is a state of mind, and depends very little on outward circumstances.

拓展词汇

understate

v. 轻描淡写地叙述；淡化（某事的重要性或严重性）

Despite the breathtakingly sad opening chapters, Tyler’s delicate perceptiveness gives the novel an understated warmth.

副词除非是否定含义，一般当very理解

overstate

v. 把……讲得过分；夸大，夸张（=exaggerate）

ex=e=out

Declare

v. 公布，宣布；宣称（……为事实），表明（态度、意图等）；申报（应纳税物品、收入等）

例句

“Play is not frivolous,” the academy’s report declares.

fri=fry float/fried chips

frivolity 轻浮、草率

考点

to declare sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional

派生

declaration

declarative

名人名言

I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading.

Claim

v. 自称，声称，断言（未经证明或可能错误的事）；要求（拥有），认领；索取，索（款）；（战争、事故等）夺去（生命）

n. 声称，说法；（根据权利而提出的）要求，索赔；（对某事物的）权利，所有权

例句

They claim that the theory of video game violence is built on rotten foundations.

rod 木棒 erode/erosion corrode/corrosion 腐蚀

考点

despite some claims to the contrary

to the contrary=by contrast=in contrast to 相反地

contra = counter

词根：元音替换意思不变，顺序改变意思不变，发音相近意思不变

center=centri eccentric 古怪的，离心的

派生

claimant

名人名言

Love does not claim possession, but gives freedom.

Proclaim

v. （正式）宣告，声明；表明，明确显示

pro- 前缀，意为”向前，在前，提前“

例句

Correlations which confidently proclaimed that gaming led to violent behavior were shown to likely be the spurious by-product of factors such as family violence.

spurious 存疑的 questionable

Announce

v. 宣布，宣告；通知，告知；郑重地说

例句

Last month, Facebook announced partnerships with outside groups to help fact-check stores on its site and to more clearly denote which ones may be false.

denote 指出

note 笔记本/察觉、注意到

de=dis=di=away

false product 假货 copycat 模仿、山寨

派生

announcement

Pronounce

v. 发音，读（音）；正式宣布（或公布）

派生

pronunciation 发音

pronouncement 宣告

拓展词汇

enounce

v. 声明

enunciate

v. （清晰仔细地）发（音）；念（字）；（清楚准确地）阐明。阐述

articulate

v. 口齿清楚地讲（话）；清晰发（音）；清楚地表达

adj. 能说会道的；（文章、讲话）明晰的，清楚的

art- 技能

artisan 工匠 artisanship 手艺，工匠精神（艺术）

craftsmanship 工匠（制造）

Assert

v. （肯定地）断言，坚称；维护（权利或权威）；坚持（主张）

考点

the administration was in essence asserting that …

in essence 本质上，实质上

派生

assertion

assertive

Affirm

v. 肯定属实，申明，断言

考点

to affirm the importance of the humanities and social sciences

派生

affirmative

affirmation

Allege

v. （未提出证据）断言，声称

派生

allegation

alleged adj. 声称的；被断言的；涉嫌的

allegiance=loyalty=fidelity

fid 信，fidelity 忠贞

拓展词组

so-called adj. 所谓的；号称的

supposed adj. 据说的，所谓的

should=be supposed to

Condition

n. 状况，状态；处境；条件，条款；前提；疾病；健康状况；[+s]环境，条件

v. 使习惯于，使适应；养护（头发等）

考点

geographic conditions peculiar to America

peculiar 特有的 be peculiar to

weather conditions

派生

conditional

conditioner 护发素 hair conditioner

lotion 洗剂，乳液

bath wash 沐浴液

shampoo 洗发水

扩展词汇

air conditioning 空调

Situation

n. 形势，情况，局面；所处位置，环境

拓展词汇

create a situation 造成局面

assess/review a situation 评判局势，分析局势

deal with/cope with a situation

June 2

Allow

v. 允许，准许；使能够，促使；听凭，任由；承认，同意；留出，给予（足够的时间等）

例句

Analyzing the responses and grammar mistakes allowed them to draw unusually precise conclusions about language learning.

lysis - lyze

analysis - analyze

paralysis - paralyze 瘫痪

drawer 抽屉

派生

allowance 补贴 津贴

research grant 研究经费

名人名言

Women sometimes allow you to be unfaithful to their love; they never allow you to wound their self-esteem.

self-esteem self-honor 自尊

Permit

v. （尤指根据正式决定、规章等）允许，许可；（事件、条件、情况等）使有可能，使能够

n. 许可证；特许证

例句

Introducing genes for herbicide resistance into a crop permits it to be sprayed with weedkiller that really does then kill nothing but weeds.

herb 草

-cide = cut suicide 自杀 pesticide 杀虫剂

resistance = antibody

spr- 喷洒 spread sprinkle 撒，水花四溅

then在这里后置了，…that then really does kill…

派生

permission

permissible 特许的，许可的，可允许的

permissive 迁就的

-ive 特点，性质

Approve

v. 赞成，同意；批准，通过（计划、要求等）

考点

to approve a patent

派生

approval

Authorize

v. 授权，批准，许可

authority 权威

License

[=licence] v.批准，许可

n. 许可证，执照；许可，准许；（做错事的）诱因，借口

(auto) plate license 车牌

Enable

v. 使能够；是成为可能；准许，许可

考点

to enable us to understand

Entitle

v. 使有权利，使有资格；给……命名（或题名）

考点

be entitled to more freedom

entitle sb. to n.

派生

entitlement

Value

n. 价值；价值观，道德标准；用途，积极作用

v. 给……估价；重视，珍视

value sth. highly

考点

to value the present moment

派生

valuable

invaluable

worthless 不值钱的

名人名言

Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value.

Worth

n. 价值；意义；作用

adj. 有……价值的，值……钱的；值得的，有价值的

考点

it is worth doing …

be worth n.

派生

worthless

worthy

be worthy of n./v-ing

Principle

n. 道德原则，行为准则；法则，原则；原理；观念；（行为、思想的）理由，信条

code 准则

Moral

n. 寓意；[+s]道德，品行

adj. 道德的；品行端正的；有道德的

考点

the dearth of moral purpose

dearth 缺失

派生

morality

Ethic

n. 伦理标准；道德原则；[+s]伦理，伦理学

ethnology 人种学

ethnocentric 种族主义的 ethno- 人种 centric 中心的 white-centered 白人中心的

派生

ethical adj. （有关）道德的；伦理的，合乎道德的

Integrity

n. 正直，诚实，诚信；完整，完全

inte- 互相、互联 internet

integrate v. 整合 integration n. 整合

例句

The worth of a company depends on its integrity with employees, with the communities it operates in, and even with the environment.

Conscience

n. 良心，良知；内疚，愧疚；道德心

考点

the conscience of the community

派生

conscientious

conscientiously 平心而论

Appreciate

v. 欣赏，赏识；重视；理解，明白；感激

还有升值的意思。

depreciate 编制

precious 宝贝的

I would appreciate it very much if you could ……

考点

to appreciate the things you have

派生

appreciation

Cherish

v. 珍惜；珍视，爱护；抱有（希望），怀念

perish v. 易逝

peril 危险，危机

Treasure

v. 珍藏；珍惜，珍视

n. 金银财宝；珍宝；得力帮手

downtown 市中心；三分线外

uptown 郊区；富人区

Treasure Island 《金银岛》

派生

treasury 国库

June 3

Rule

v. 统治，管理，控制；判决，裁定

n. （游戏、学校或公司等的）规则，章程，规定；定律；习惯，常规；统治，管辖

例句

When U.S. district judge Andrew Hanen ruled against President Barack Obama’s sweeping immigration overhaul on Feb. 16, he did more than throw the future of 5 million immigrants facing deportation into doubt.

sweep 扫

haul = pull 拉

deport 驱逐 port 港口 de-away

派生

ruling 裁决

ruler 统治阶级

oppressed 被压迫者

Administer

v. [=administrate]管理（公司，组织，机构等）；治理（国家）；施行，执行

例句

Washington is familiar with the challenges of administering a dense metropolitan area with pockets of deep poverty and crime.

dense密集的 condense 聚集，压缩 density n. 密度

metropolitan adj.大都会的 metropolis 大都市

a+n.+of / n.s+of = many/some 一些

派生

administration

补充词汇

minister

n. 部长，大臣

prime minister 首相

Dominate

v. 控制，支配，统治，主导；俯视，高耸于

考点

trends dominated by potential buyers

派生

dominant

Govern

v. 统治，管理，治理；支配，影响

考点

the state-level bodies that govern the profession

entity 实体 profession 行业

派生

governor 政府官员

government

Reign

v. 统治，当政；占优势；盛行

n. 君主，统治时期；任期

for- 前面 foreign 外国的

考点

the Nazi reign of murder（恐怖统治）

Regulate

v. （尤指通过规章）控制，管理；调整，调节

例句

In order for any of these solutions to succeed, workers have to be willing to regulate their own habits.

派生

regulation

regulator

Code

n. 法规，法典；道德准则，行为规范；密码，代码；邮编，区号

v. 把……编码（或编号）

考点

to make itself subject to the code of conduct（行为准则）

make sb. subject to 使某人服从于

Law

n. （国家、城市或州的）法律；规则；定律，规律

派生

lawful

lawyer

attorney 律师

torn = tear v.眼泪，撕

Statute

n. 法令，法规；（某机构、组织的）条例；章程

Bill

n. 账单；（提交议会讨论的）议案，法案=act；纸币，钞票；广告，海报

v. 宣传；给……开账单

hospital bill

propagate v.宣传 pro- page

拓展

The Bill of Rights 《权利法案》

Effect

n. 影响，结果；效果，作用；感受，印象

v. 使发生，实现

例句

The cost of some “price marked packs” of Coca-Cola sold in newsagents（新闻报刊亭） and convenience stores will increase by more than 10% in March, just before the new tax comes into effect（实施，生效） the following month.

考点

to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change

派生

effective adj. 有效性

-ity 抽象名词结尾

-ive 抽象形容词结尾

拓展词汇

efficient

energy-efficient house = energy-saving house

Result

n. 结果，后果；效果；考试成绩，业绩

v. （因……）发生；（由……）造成

考点

biases that result from cognitive constraints

cognition

recognize submarine 发音注意

constrain 限制

complain v. - complaint n.

派生

resultant

经典台词

In your life, there will be at least one time that you forget yourself for someone, asking for no result, no company, no ownership nor love. Just ask for meeting you in my most beautiful years.

company 陪伴

Consequence

n. 结果，后果，影响；重要性

考点

to think about long-term consequences

派生

consequent adj.随之发生的，后果的

consequently = hence

Outcome

n. 结果，结局，后果

income 收入 expense/expenditure 支出

June 4

Firm

adj. 坚固的，结实的；强有力的；坚决的，坚定的；确凿的；（价格、货币等）坚挺的，稳定的

adv. 坚定地；坚决地

n. （尤指小型的）公司，商行，事务所

v. 使坚固；（股票、物价等）坚挺，稳步上涨

考点

to allow non-lawyers to own shares in law firms

executive n. 执行官 adj. 有执行力的

名人名言

There is no chance, no destiny, no fate, that can hinder or control the firm resolve（坚定地决心） of a determined soul.

resolution n. 决心 resolute a.果敢的

Laugh, and the world laughs with you; Weep, and you weep alone.

sol- = sole 唯一的

isolate 孤独的

Solid

adj. 固体的，坚硬的；实心的；结实的，坚固的；（证据、消息等）可靠的，确凿的；连续的，不间断的

consolidate 加强，巩固

例句

At this point, there is no solid research linking any of this fall’s prominent disasters to climate change, though such examinations are under way.

派生

solidity n. 坚固

solidify n. 团结

solidarity n.团结

tight

adj. 牢固的，紧的；紧身的；严密的，严格的；拮据的，不宽裕的；显得紧张的；亲密的；势均力敌的；小气的；吝啬的

adv. 紧紧地，牢固地

考点

on a tight budget

派生

tighten

经典歌词

You’ve got that long hair slick back, white T-shirt

And I got that good girl faith and a tight little skirt

And when we go crashing down, we come back every time

Cause we never go out of style, we never go out of style

Company

n. 公司，商行；剧团，演出团；陪伴，陪同；宾客，来宾；在一起的一群人

in company with

派生

companion 伙伴

拓展例句

A sword’s poor company for a long road.

Corporation

n. 大公司，企业；法人；法人团体

Co. Ltd

Venture

n. 风险企业；投机活动

v. 敢于冒险，敢做；冒昧地说，谨慎地做

VC = Venture Capital 风险资本

Joint-venture 合资企业

Enterprise

n. 公司，企业；事业；进取心，事业心，创业精神

enter 进来 prise 抓住

prisoner 囚犯 comprise 组成

be comprised of

派生

enterprising

entrepreneur

entrepreneurial

Include

v. 包括，包含；列入

派生

inclusive

inclusiveness 包容

tolerance tolerate 宽容

拓展词汇

exclude

v. [故意]不包括；把……排除在外；不准……参与；不准……进入

clude = close

conclude

exclusive

adj. 独有的，专用的；高级的，昂贵的；排外的

exclusive club

contain

v. 装有，容纳；包含，含有；遏制，防止……蔓延；抑制（感情）

例句

Cities’ desire to control and contain these new services threatens to stymie their growth and value, while also preventing consumers from determining where the services should be deployed.

contain=stymie=prevent/keep/protect…from

deploy 派遣

de/di/dis distribute dispatch

派生

container

containment

incorporate

v. 纳入，并入；包含，包括；注册成立

例句

Via remote programming, the app will be able to continuously incorporate new data on emerging outbreaks.

Cover

v. 覆盖；包括，涉及；报道，发表；（钱）足够支付；给……上保险；掩盖

n. 覆盖物，遮盖物；书封；藏身处，掩盖物；承保范围

考点

a database that covered more than 100,000 firms

to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families

June 5

Increase

v. （使）增长，增多，增加

n. 增长；增多；增加

派生

increasingly

拓展词汇

decrease

v. （使）变小，（使）减少

n. 减少；减少的量

Raise

v. 举起；增加，提高；起身；募集；引起，导致；激起，唤起；提出（问题、反对等）；抚养，养育；饲养

n. 加薪，提薪

考点

the day-to-day experience of raising kids

to raise living standards

经典歌曲

You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains.

You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas.

I am strong when I am on your shoulders.

You raise me up, to more than I can be.

backer

Like lyrics go in the song “You Raise Me Up”, ……

Rise

v. 上升；增加，提高；增强；站起来，起床；变得更加成功；起义，反抗；矗立，耸立

n. 增长，提高；兴起；加薪

The dark falls，the sun rises.

rise up to 涨到了 by 涨了

考点

to rise above temptation

tempt v. 诱惑

contempt n.轻视，蔑视 [+ible] adj

go beyond / step above the limitation

Expand

v. 扩充，扩大；增加，增强；扩展（业务）

考点

to expand the orchestra’s repertoire

orc- = arc- 古老的

repeat v. 重复 repetition

orchestrate v.精心编排 prepare

派生

expansion

Multiply

v. 乘，使相乘；成倍增加，迅速增加；繁殖，滋生

multiply/divide by

Accumulate

v. 积累，积聚；（数量）逐渐增加

例句

I’m deeply skeptical of efforts that naively believe you can simply accumulate more data and that will do the job.

be deeply skeptical of 怀疑

派生

accumulation

accumulative

Swell

v. （使）膨胀；肿胀；（使）增加，增大，扩大

例句

The nation’s annual rainfall is set to slide dramatically due to climate change, even as its population continues to swell.

be set to = set about doing = set out to do 即将开始

outset 开端 outcome 结局

sunset/sunrise

settings

考点

to swell by about 11% every year since 2000

Escalate

v. （使）（战斗、暴力事件或不好的情况）升级，（使）恶化；（使）升高，（使）增加

cele- = speed 速度

accelerate v. 加速 decelerate 减速

escalator 自动扶梯 elevator = lift 电梯

Suggest

v. 提议，建议；推荐，举荐；暗示，表明；使人想到

考点

a new study suggests that …

派生

suggestion

suggestive adj. 建议性的

-ive …性的，…能力的

productive adj. 有生产性的

reproductive 有生育能力的，生殖的

-ion -ity

creation n. 创造物（具体的）

creativity n. 创造力（抽象的）

Recommend

v. 推荐，举荐；劝告，建议

command 命令 demand 需求

例句

Dietary guidelines recommend that women and men should respectively eat around 25 and 38 grams of fiber per day, but American adults eat just 15 daily grams on average.

diet 饮食

拓展词汇

commend

v. （公开的）赞扬；推荐，推崇

Propose

v. （尤指在会议上）正式提议；打算，计划；提名；提出……供表决；求婚

pose=put 摆

dispose v.处置 disposable a. 能够处理的

dispose of 处理 Man proposes, God disposes

例句

For one, the administration proposes to begin publishing information about the economic consequences of listing species, because doing so “may be informative to the public.”

extinction species

派生

proposal

Advise

v. （经验或知识丰富者）劝告，忠告，建议；通知，正式告知

派生

advice

advisor

advisory

advisable

名人名言

Advice is like snow—the softer it falls, the longer it dwells upon, and the deeper it sinks into the mind.

dwell 居住 dwell in 居住在 dwell on 思考，细想

Indicate

v. 表明，显示；强烈暗示；指示，指出；标示，注明

index - indices

例句

Research and lived experience indicate that many people who begin a new exercise program see little if any improvement （就算有一点点也微不足道）in their health and fitness even after weeks of studiously（刻意的，勤勉的） sticking with their new routine.

studiously - intentionally

stick to 坚持 stick with 执着于，喜欢于

派生

indication

indicative

indicator 指标 index

Imply

v. 意指，暗指，暗示；意味着（某事可能是真的）；必然包括，使有必要

implied 暗指的，含蓄的

考点

as its name implies

派生

implication

Manifest

v. 清楚显示，表明（尤指情感、态度或品质）

adj. 明显的；显而易见的

n. 货单，清单

派生

manifesto 宣言，声明

communist manifesto 共产党宣言

Hint

v. 暗示，示意

n. 暗示，提示；征兆，迹象；[a hint of]少许，少量；秘诀，窍门

例句

“The data we present also hint that further deterioration（恶化） of the Western microbiota（微生物群） is possible,” the team writes.

bio- 生物 -graphy 文本 auto-自己

拓展词汇

tip

n. 窍门，忠告，建议；小费

clue

n. 线索，提示

clue detected

detective n. 侦探

June 6

Change

v. 改变，更改；转换，更换，替换；兑换；换乘

n. 变化，变更，变革；硬币；零钱

考点

climate change

拓展词汇

exchange

v. 交换；（货币的）兑换；交流；互访

n. 短暂的交谈；交流，互访

exchange rate 汇率

Move

v. （使）移动；改变；采取行动；搬家；影响；感动；动议；提议

n. 移动；改变；步骤；行动；举措

考点

to back such radical moves

back 支持

backer=supporter=sponsor

radicalism 极端主义

派生

movement

名人名言

Sometimes your whole life boils down to one insane move.

boil down to 归根结底

sane a. 理智的

sanity n. 理智

insanity n. 疯狂

Shift

v. 转移，移动；转移（注意力等）；转变，改变（意见等）；推卸

n. 转变；轮班；轮班职工

例句

The aim was to include enough features to draw interest away from iPhones and Android-supported phones, but the new BlackBerry devices failed to catch on and the company shifted its engineering resources back to its QNX division as car makers started developing software.

Switch

v. 打开，关闭；改变，转变；转换（职业，政策、生活方式等）；交换

n. 开关；彻底改变

考点

to switch to the nursing school

Transition

v. 转变，过渡

n. 转变，过渡；变革，变迁

trans=across

例句

But all energy transitions, such as that from coal to hydrocarbons in the 20th century, take many decades.

low-carbon life

hydro- 氢

派生

transitional

Transform

v. 使彻底改变（尤指变的更好）；改造；使改观

考点

to transform their thought processes

派生

transformer 转换器

Transformers 《变形金刚》

transformation

拓展用法

transform sb/sth (from sth) into sth

The movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a megastar.

拓展词汇

reform

v. 改进，改革；（使）改过自新

a reformed criminal 一名改过自新的罪犯

Alter

v. （尤指以相对细微但却显著的方式）改变（性质或成分）；修改（衣服使更合身）

例句

You can remind yourself to notice your thoughts in a nonjudgmental manner, without trying to change or alter them right away.

remind sb of sth

right away=right away=instantly=immediately

派生

alteration

alternate a.交替的

alternation n.交替

alternative n./a. （二选一的）选择

名人名言

Remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. Alter what is changeable, and accept what is mutable.

mutable a.易变的，反复无常的

mute n./a. 哑巴，沉默的

Modify

v. （略微地）修改，更改，改进，改造；修饰，限定

派生

modification

modifier

Covert

v. （使形态、性质、功能）改变；改变（观点、原则或做事方式）；改建，改造；换算；（使）改变信仰

n. 改变信仰者

vert vers = turn

convert A to B

考点

to convert our lives to data

派生

conversion

convertible a. 可改变的 n. 可折叠的车

Transfer

v. （使）转移；（使）调职；转移（感情）；传染（疾病）；转让（权力等）；转乘，换乘

transfer station 中转站 terminal station 终点站

例句

“Someone was trying to set up a new payee and transfer a seven figure sum,” he said.

-ee 被动方 -or/er 主动方

To sum up 总之

summary summarize

派生

transference

Transplant

n. （器官）移植

v. 移植；移栽；（使）移居

拓展词汇

plant

n. 植物；工厂；发电厂

v. 播（种）；种植；放置；使固定

June 7

Consider

v. 认为，把……看作；考虑，细想；体谅，考虑到；顾及

例句

In classical antiquity, genius wasn’t considered a talent or the result of effort but a divine spirit.

classical 古典的 classic 经典的

antiquity 时期 -ity 抽象的 antique a. 古老的，古董的 n. 古玩

vintage 复古的

divine 神的

派生

considerable

considerate 体贴的

consideration

considering 基于…

拓展

take … into consideration

考虑到，sth可以宾语后置避免头重脚轻

Suppose

v. （根据所知）认为，推断，料想；假定，设想

考点

be supposed to (=should) serve as helpful advisors

派生

supposition

supposed

supposedly

拓展

be supposed to

应该，应当；被期望

whoops i forgot to do everything i was supposed to do today

Deem

v. <正式>认为，视为；相信

be deemed/regarded/seen/termed (as) = be considered (as) 其中as可省略

例句

By the late 1990s the books and guides developed by Absa were deemed outdated and went out of point.

Regard

v. 认为，把……看作；（尤指以某种方式）注视，凝视

n. 尊重，尊敬；注意，关注，关心；[+s]问候，致意

考点

to regard the jury system as a concrete（具体的） expression of crucial democratic values

justice 正义 justify 证明

democracy 民主

派生

regarding

concerning / related to / with regard to

regardless

be regardless of

拓展词组

as regards = in/with regard to

关于，至于

in this/that regard

在这/那方面；在这/那一点上

Reckon

v. <非正式>想，认为；料想，预计；估算，计算

拓展词组

reckon on

= count on 指望， 预料

Contemplate

v. 打算，想，考虑；深思熟虑；苦思冥想；端详，凝视

temple 庙宇，太阳穴

contempt n.鄙视 temptation contemptible

名人名言

We become what we contemplate.

Mediatate

v. 沉思，深思；默想，冥想；考虑，谋划

med mid mod 中

ritual 惯例，仪式 ritualization 仪式化

例句

You don’t necessarily have to close your eyes and meditate every day to reap the benefits of mindfulness.

be mindful of 思考的，留心的

mindfulness 正念

派生

meditation

Ponder

v. 仔细考虑，深思（about/on/over）

名人名言

The rainy evening the wind is restless. I look at the swaying branches and ponder over the greatness of all things.

June 8

Reason

n. 原因，理由；道理，情理；理智，思考力，理解力

b. 推理，推断；思考，判断

reasoning 推理

例句

It allows us to reason much more accurately about human behavior—the connection between what we see and how we’re going to act.

考点

within reason

派生

reasonable

unreasonable/irrational

拓展

cause

n. （尤指不好的事情发生的）原因，起因；理由

cause-effect 因果 causality 因果关系

Ground

n. 地面，土地；场地；（兴趣、知识或思想的）范围，领域；观点，立场；[+s]（尤指依照法律、规章或道德准则的）充分的理由，根据（for）

v. 以……为依据，建立在……基础上；禁足；（使）搁浅，使停飞

释义推导

		不能超出某个场地→	范围，领域
地面，场地→	基础，根本→	不能离开某个根本→	观点，立场
		不能脱离某个基础→	理由，根据

例句

But when it comes to Congress, there are grounds for hope.

考点

(be) grounded in health concerns

concern 担忧 concerning/considering 关于，基于

be grounded in sth. 根据，基于

middle ground

neutral a.中立的 neu- 中 neutron 中子

sit on the fences/ride fences 骑墙 come down from fences

派生

groundless

grounding 基础

拓展

The Frozen Ground

Argument

n. 争论，争吵，争辩；（为了说服别人某事正确或错误的）理由，论据

考点

to provide arguments both for and against monarchy（君主制）

mono- 个 arc 古老 monopoly 垄断 monogamy 一夫一妻制 poligamy 一夫多妻

anarchy 无政府主义 ana- 分，拆开，否定 analyze

派生

argumentation

argumentative

拓展词汇

quarrel

n./v. 争吵，不和

debate

n./v. 争论，辩论

in dispute 争吵当中

Justification

n. （做似乎错误的事情的）正当理由，合理的解释（for）

考点

a justification for neglect of those in need

Logic

n. 逻辑，思维方式；（做某事的）道理，合乎情理的原因；逻辑学

派生

logical

拓展短语

logical thinking 逻辑思维

logical reasoning 逻辑推理

logistic 后勤的 [+s]物流 logistic center

Concern

n. （尤指许多人共同的）担忧；关心，关爱；（对人、组织等）重要的事情；（某人）负责的事；公司，企业

v. 担心，使担忧；与……有关，涉及；认为（做某事）重要

be concerned with/about

例句

These concerns have helped prompt the US Food and Drug Administration to ban the use of triclosan in consumer hand soaps, and the FDA is pondering further restrictions.

prompt=urge/spur

restrict 限制 strict 严格的

考点

widespread concern

派生

concerning

concerned

拓展词组

to whom it may concern （用于正式信函开头处）敬启者

be of concern 很重要；有重大影响

Worry

v. 担心，担忧，发愁；烦扰，使不安宁

n. 忧愁；令人烦恼的事

考点

to worry about migration

migrate v. 迁移 migrant a./n 有迁徙习性的；移民 migrant farmer

Worrying doesn’t take away tomorrow’s troubles. It takes away today’s peace.

Anxiety

n. 焦虑；担心，忧虑；渴望（for）

派生

anxious

Influence

n. 影响，作用；支配力，控制力，影响力；有影响的人（或事物）

v. 影响，对……起作用；支配，左右

考点

to exert enormous influence on the course（进程） of American architecture

norm- 规则，规矩 normal

e=ex=out

派生

influential a./n. 有影响力的人

拓展

Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion 《影响力》

Impact

n. 撞击，冲击；巨大影响，强大作用

v. 撞击，冲击；（对某事物）影响，有作用

情感↓

brace for impact 拥抱撞击

例句

“We have no plans to change the recipe（配方） of Coca-Cola Classic so it will be impacted by the government’s soft drinks tax,” said a spokesman for Coca-Cola European Partners, which is the bottler for Coca-Cola products in Western Europe.

craftsman 工匠 [+ship]工匠精神

考点

to have a damaging impact on …

撞击 collide v. collision n.

Power

n. 控制力，影响力；统治，政权；能力；权力，职权；有影响力的大国；实力；力量，能量；电力

v. 给……提供动力，驱动；（使）迅猛移动，快速前进

例句

Likewise, the language directly descended from Shakespeare’s English has staying power with Brits and Americans. But English, like football, will soon move outside their control, pulled into（带入） something new by the rest of the planet.

apply yourself 加油 Come on

考点

nuclear power plant（厂）

the euro（欧元） zone’s dominant powers（大国）

派生

powerful

拓展

superpower

n. 超级大国；超能力

superstition 迷信 ↓

Affect

v. 影响；侵袭，使感染；（感情上）深深打动；假装

考点

to affect workers’ productivity

affected 做作的

unaffected 不做作的，自然的

派生

affection 感情

affectation 做作

拓展

effect

n. 效果；影响；结果

June 9

Issue

v. 宣布，公布；<正式>发给，供给；发行；出版，发表；向……颁发

n （尤指社会或政治方面的）重要议题，问题，担忧；（报刊的）期、号、版次

考点

be issued more than 300 business-method patents

to issue an unusual order

the heart(=core) of the issue

Affair

n.（尤指令人印象深刻的）事件；个人事务；[+s]公共事务；不正当关系

public affairs 公共事务

考点

international affairs

拓展词组

love affair

私情，风流韵事；挚爱，热爱

affairs of state

国务

Matter

n. （必须考虑或处理的）事情，问题；（有形的）物质，材料

v. （尤指对某人自己或对发生之事）重要，要紧，有关系

考点

what matters is that …

拓展词组

to make matters worse

使情况更糟的是

as a matter of fact

事实上（表示不同意别人刚刚所说的，或与事实刚好相反）；说真的（表示在刚刚说的基础上再加一点）

= Actually / In fact

名人名言

Age is an issue of mind over matter.

If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.

Edition

n. 版本；一次印刷量，版次；（报纸、杂志的）一份；（电视或广播节目的）一期

考点

the print edition

拓展短语

new edition

新版

revised edition

修订版

vis = see vision

pocket edition

袖珍版；口袋版

Version

n. 变体，变种；（从不同角度的）描述，说法；（电影、剧本、乐曲等的）版本，改编形式

rock version 摇滚版 instrument version 演奏版

考点

to portray(=describe/illuminate) an idealized version of the themselves

idealism 理想主义 portrait 肖像 self-image 自画像 selfie 自拍

Publish

v. 出版，发行；（在报刊）发表，刊登；（在互联网上）发表

考点

to publish stories on newsprint

派生

publisher 发行人

producer 出品人

publication

拓展词组

come out

（书、唱片、电影等）发行，出版，面市

come off the press

出版

off = away

press conference 新闻发布会

Distribute

v. 分发，分配；分销；使散开，使分布

例句

Ten thousand copies of the organization’s dictionary and DVDs have been distributed across the country, and a second edition is in print.

考点

concerns about how science prizes are distributed

派生

distribution

distributor

拓展词汇

hand out

分发，发放

dispense

v. 分发；提供，供应

pense=money

allot

v. （尤指将现有的东西）分配，分派

all = to

View

n. （个人的）看法，观点，态度；（理解或思维的）方法，方式；景色，风景；视野

v. 把……视为，以……看待；查看，观看

考点

to view laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”

n. + ly = a.

a. + ly = adv.

in my view

拓展词组

a bird’s eye view

俯视，鸟瞰

overlook

from one’s point of view = as far as sb. is concerned

依某人之见，就某人而言

so far 目前

名人名言

You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.

mock 嘲笑 monk 和尚

Perspective

n. （思考问题的）角度，观点，想法；客观判断力，权衡轻重的能力

-spec / -spic = look = vis = se

observe

per-: fully; through

例句

Now researchers have developed a methodology for studying rural Native American kid’s perspectives on nature and have compared their responses with those of their city-dwelling peers.

outlook on…

dwell in = live in = reside in

resident 居民

考点

from a public expenditure perspective

Opinion

n. 意见，看法；（对某人的）评价，印象；舆论，（群体的）观点；专家意见

考点

to voice their opinions

拓展词组

be a matter of opinion

看法因人而异，见仁见智

e.g. This issue is a matter of opinion.

(opinion) poll

民意调查，民意测验

拓展词汇

idea

n. 意见，想法，主意

Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact.

Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.

As a classic saying goes: …

Outlook

n. 观点，见解；前景，可能性；景色，景致，景观

例句

Mr. Foot faced a vitriolic（刻薄的pointing/mean） media campaign against him but it did not define his outlook on the media.

camp 营地

free selling campaign

charity campaign

ironic a. 讽刺的 irony n.

cynical 愤世嫉俗的

拓展词汇

prospect

v. 前景，展望；可能性，机会

Point

n. 观点，见解；要点，重点；意图，目的；具体细节（或事实）；时刻，关头；地点；得分

v. （用手）指；瞄准；（意思上）指向

考点

to miss the point

at that point

拓展

that’s a (good) point

所言极是

to the point

中肯的，切中要点的，切题的

Match Point

《赛末点》

Viewpoint

n. 观点，看法；角度

考点

to seek out opposing viewpoints

Standpoint

n. 立场，观点

standing 立场

拓展词汇

stance

n. （尤指公开表明的）观点，立场

for instance

Sight

n. 视力；视觉；目睹；势力范围，视野；景象，情景；[the sights]名胜，风景

v. 看到，发现（期待的事物）

考点

a sight of dense woods

density n. 密度 condense v. 浓缩，聚集

拓展例句

Out of sight, out of mind.

Scene

n. （尤指不愉快事件发生的）地点，现场；事件，场面，情景；片段，镜头；景象，景色；风景画；圈子，界，坛

scenic spot 景点

考点

behind the scenes

派生

scenery 风景画

scenario 剧本，情节，剧情梗要

Previously on AMC is The Walking Dead.

拓展词汇

circle

n. 圈子；集团；界；阶层

Landscape

n. （尤指乡村的）风景，景色；形势，情形

v. 美化……的环境

例句

Still, the project is considered a success when measured against the country’s bleak（荒凉的，暗淡的） educational landscape.

Panorama

n. 全景，远景；概述，概论

考点

to capture the panorama of English society

June 10

Benefit

n. （对人体的）益处，好处；优势；（公司提供的）福利，奖金；（保险公司支付的）保险金

v. 对（某人）有用；使收益；得益于

例句

But there is a problem—indigenous languages are dying off at an alarming（令人担忧的） rate, making it increasingly difficult for scientists and other experts to benefit from such knowledge.

indi- 独立 independent indigenous=native

考点

measurable benefit

派生

beneficial

It is beneficial for you to …

Sake

n. 目的，利益；理由，缘故

考点

for the sake of benefit

For God’s sake

Interest

n. 兴趣，爱好；利益；利息；利害关系；（企业或公司的）股份；利益团体，同业，同行

v. 使感兴趣；使关注

考点

interest groups

拓展

interest rates/rates of interest

利率

Reward

n. 回报，报酬，奖励；赏金

v. 奖励，奖赏，给以报酬

考点

to reward companies for job creation

派生

rewarding

拓展词汇

award

n. 奖；奖项；奖金；奖品

prize

n. 奖；奖赏；奖金

bonus

n. 奖金；红利；津贴

year-end bonus = annual bonus

Advantage

n. 有利条件；优势；（胜过其他事物的）好处，优点

考点

to take advantage of college resources

派生

advantageous

扩展词汇

strength

n. 优点，长处，强项

weakness

disadvantage

n. 劣势，不利因素

Virtue

n. 美德，高尚品德；优秀品质，良好习惯；优点，长处，用处

考点

the virtue of work

派生

virtuous 有道德的

virtual 虚拟的 VR/virtual reality

virtuously 有道德地 virtually=practically 几乎，事实上

拓展

merit

n. 优点；价值；功绩

demerit 缺点

vice

n. 堕落，邪恶；不良习气，恶习

vicious 罪恶的，恶意的

名人名言

Virtue has a veil, vice a mask.

Measure

v. 测量，度量；估量；衡量，判定（重要性、价值或影响等）

n. （一定的）量，程度；尺度，标准；判断，衡量；措施，办法

例句

Such values are not easy to measure and can take years to cement（巩固） in a company’s culture.

考点

to enhance security measures

派生

measurable 可测量的；清楚的

measurement 测量

Gauge

v. 测量；估计，估算；判断，判定（人的行动、情感或意图）

gage 担保，抵押 mortgage 抵押，贷款

Calculate

v. 计算；估计，推测

例句

They calculated that if these mental health problems were treated, gross domestic product(GDP) would increase by 4 percent.

domestic violence 家暴 domestic politics 内政

gross 毛，大体的，总共的 gross profits 毛利 net profits 净利润

派生

calculation

calculator

calculating

Compute

v. 计算；估算

派生

computerize 使计算机化

Count

v. 数数，计算；计入，包括；重要，有价值（vi. =matter）；（被）正式接纳，正式认可；认为，看作

n. 计数；总数；（讨论或争论的）论点，问题，事项

Anything you do counts.

考点

to count for no more than 10% of their grades

占据 = account for = take

count / calculate on + sb. 指望

Estimate

v. 估算；估价

n. （对数量、成本等的）估计；估价

例句

Based on the responses, they then estimated its average annual value to the consumer at around $750.

around / about / more or less（放数字后面）

Judge

v. （认真考虑后）认为，判断，断定，评价；裁判，评判；（尤指以不公平或批判的方式）（对……）作出评价；（在法庭上）审判，审理

n. 法官，审判官；裁判员

考点

to judge complex aspects of personality

派生

judgment[英式拼写judgement]

拓展

Judgment Day / Day of Judgment

最后审判日；世界末日

拓展例句

You can’t judge a book by its cover.

Evaluate

v. 评价，评估

例句

The capacity to evaluate others could stabilize complex social groups by enabling individuals to exclude uncooperative members, says Kiley Hamlin at the University of British Columbia, Canada.

派生

evaluation

Assess

v. 评估，评定（性质、质量）；估算，核定（数量、价值）

考点

to assess the implications（意义；影响）

implicate 表明

派生

assessment

make an assessment on/of

Appraise

v. 估量，估价；（对某人的工作）做出评价

前缀ap- 表示加强或引申意义

词根-prais表示价格（price）

pay tribute to 赞美

派生

appraisal

拓展词汇

praise

n./v. 赞扬，表扬

Means

n. 方法，手段；财富，收入

考点

a means of livelihood

by means of 通过……的方法

by no means / not by any means 决不，一点都不

Method

n. 方法，办法，措施；条理，有条不紊

派生

methodical 有条不紊的

methodology 方法论

Initiative

n. 新措施，倡议；积极性，进取心；[the initiative]掌握有利条件的能力（或机会），主动权

take initiative in doing sth. 主动做某事

拓展词汇

step

n. （一系列行动中的）一步；措施

do it step by step

June 11

Appear

v. 似乎，看来；出现，问世；出席，露面

考点

to appear to be speeding up 显得正在加速

to appear at political events

派生

appearance

Seem

v. （涉及推断）好像，似乎，看来

名人名言

However difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succedd at.

Surface

n. 表面；外表

v. 浮出水面；（隐藏或被掩盖一段时间后）露面，重新出现，显露，被披露

Arrive

v. 到达，抵达（at/in）；（新产品或发明）出现，问世；（尤指经过等待或期盼后）来临，到来；做出（决定），得出（结果）（at）

arrive at an indisputable conclusion that …

派生

arrival

Emerge

v. 出现，露出；（从困境中）摆脱出来，熬出来；显露，暴露；（机构、行业等）兴起

例句

Today’s conception of childhood emerged in the 19th century, paving（铺垫） the way for child-protection laws and a golden age of children’s literature.

pavement 人行横道

set the stage for

literal a. 逐字的；文字的 literate a./n. 有文化的/学者

派生

emergency

Loom

v. 赫然耸现；显得突出，逼近

n. 织布机

looming memory

例句

So, unless those volumes can actually be sold, and economies of scale (can be) achieved, bankruptcy looms,

独立主格结构

sales volume 销售额

rupt = break disruption 破坏，分裂

考点

loom large

Average

n. 平均数

adj. 平均的；平常的，普通的；（数量）中等的，适中的

v. 平均为

考点

average people

mass n. 群众

拓展短语

average age

平均年龄

on average

平均；一般来说

Mean

v. 意味着；意思是；打算，意欲；对某人重要（或有价值）

I never mean to …

adj. 吝啬的；刻薄的；平均的，介于中间的；（能力或智力）平庸的，一般的

n. 平均数，平均值；中间，中庸

派生

meaning

meaningful

Common

adj. 常见的；普遍的；共有的，共同的；普通的，寻常的，平凡的

拓展词汇

plain

adj. 普通的，平凡的

Ordinary

adj. 平常的，普通的，平凡的；平庸的，平淡无奇的

extraordinary = unusual

Commonplace

adj. 常见的；平凡的，普通的

n. 平常的事；老生常谈

stereotype 陈腔滥调；刻板印象 stereotypical adj. 老套的

例句

The procedure is so commonplace that 1.5% of the babies born in Western Europe, North America and Australia owe their existence to the technology.

owe / ascribe / attribute / subject … to …

Regular

adj. 规则的，有规律的；定期的，频繁的；通常的，惯常的；均匀的，端正的；持久的，稳定的；普通的，平凡的

n. 常客，老顾客

派生

regularity

irregularity

patron n. 赞助人，老主顾 sponsor/backer

patronize v. 赞助

Medium

adj. 中等的；中间的，平均的；（颜色）不深不浅的，适中的

n. （表现）方式，（交流）手段；[复数形式media]媒介，媒介物

mod mid 中 increase modestly

Q: How do you like it cooked?

A: Raw/Rare/Medium rare/Medium/Medium Well/Well done

考点

social media

Intermediate

adj. （两地、两物、两种状态等）之间的，中间的；中级的，中等的，适合中等程度的

派生

intermediary 中间人；调解人 mediator

Justice

n. 公平，正义；合理，正当；司法制度，法律制裁；（尤指国家最高法院）法官

派生

justify

拓展

Justice League

正义联盟

fairness

n. 公平；公正；合理性

just

adj. 正义的，公正的，公平的

Equity

n. 公平，公正；（公司的）资产净值

派生

equitable

拓展词汇

equal

adj. （地位、待遇）平等的，同等的

be equal to

be equivalent to

equality

n. （尤指地位、权力的）平等；（机会）均等

Legitimacy

n. 合法性；合理性，正当性

考点

to maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law

tain = catch/stay

拓展词汇

reasonability

n. 合理性

Legislation

n. 法律；法规

legislate

legislator=law-maker

拓展词汇

law

n. 法，法律；法律制度，法律体系

rule

n. 规则；法则；规章；条例

regulation

n. 规则，条例，法规

act

n. 法案；法令

bill

n. 议案，法案

Magistrate

n. 地方法官；治安法官

mag/meg 大 mega 巨大的 magnify v. 放大，扩大 magnificent a. 壮丽的

拓展词汇

judge

n. 法官；审判员

June 12

Provide

v. 供给，提供，给予；规定

派生

provision

provided

名人名言

What material success（物质上的成功） does is provide（应该用providing或to provide） you with the ability to concentrate on other things that really matter. And that is being able to make a difference, not only in your own life, but in other people’s lives.

materialism 物质主义

Supply

v. （尤指大量）供应，供给，提供

n. 供应量；储备；（军队或探险队的）补给，补给品；供应，供给

考点

roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply

派生

supplier

拓展词汇

storage

n. 储存；储藏；储备

reserve

n. 贮藏（物）；储备（物）；备用（物）

Offer

v. 主动给予；提供（东西或机会），供应；提议；出（价）；献祭

n. 主动提议，建议；出价，报价；（通常为短期的）处理价，特价

考点

job offers

拓展词汇

special offer

特价

an offer of marriage

求婚

Serve

v. （为……）工作，服务；履行义务，尽职责，任职；可用作；能满足……的需要，提供；上（菜），开（饭）

考点

to serve on state juries

派生

service

serving

servant

public servant

拓展短语

serve the people

为人民服务

名人名言

A goal is not always meant to be reached, it often serves simply as something to aim at.

untouchable 达不到的 tangible 有形的

Dispense

v. 分配，分发； 施与，提供（尤指服务）

派生

dispensable 不重要的

indispensable = essential = necessary

Afford

v. 买得起；负担，承担得起（后果）；（有时间）做，能做；给予，提供

考点

to afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments

gauge 测算

派生

affordable

Render

v. 使成为，使变得，致使（=cause）；给予，提供；递交，提交（=submit）；（用不同的语言）表达，翻译（=interpret）

例句

A recent study from Colorado State University found that just thinking about having to answer email at home renders employees “emotionally exhausted,” which can hurt morale（斗志，士气）.

exhaust 耗尽 exhaustible a.不可再生的 inexhaustible 取之不竭的

Furnish

v. 布置家具；供应，提供

Survey

n. 民意调查，民意测验；测量；勘测；总体研究，概述

v. 查看，审视；总体研究，概述；勘测；（对……）做民意调查，进行民意测验

例句

Last year, Oklahoma State University researchers found that 47% of those they surveyed want to ban slaughterhouses, and 47% support banning factory farming.

Poll

n. 民意调查；选举投票；投票数

v. 对……进行民意测验

派生

pollster

Questionnaire

n. 调查表；问卷

Census

n. （官方的）统计；人口普查，人口调查

Overview

n. 概观，概述

拓展词汇

summary

n. 总结，概要，摘要

outline

n. 大纲，概要，提要

Investigate

v. 调查，侦查（某事）；调查（某人）；研究，调查

invest

考点

to investigate formation flight

form

派生

investigation

拓展

look into

调查，研究

SCI: Crime Scene Investigation

《犯罪现场调查》

probe 刺探 inspect 审查

Inquire

v. [= enquire]询问，打听；调查，查究

派生

inquiry

Interrogate

v. 讯问，审问，盘问

Q: Do you copy?

A: Roger that./You got it.

Approach

v. 靠近，接近；与……接洽，找……商量；对付，着手处理；（时间）临近

n. 通路，道路；方法，方式；靠近，接近

例句

At the 30-meter mark, the likelihood（可能性） of regular communication approached zero.

考点

a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work

have a great mastery of …

派生

approachable

Access

n. 通道，通路；（使用或见到的）机会，权利

v. 读取（计算机）信息；到达，进入，使用

program 编程 process 处理

考点

to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems

派生

accessible

拓展用法

have access to sth

有……的机会，有……的权利

give sb. an easy access to …

gain/get access to

进入……；见到……

Avenue

n. 街道，林荫大道；方法，途径

考点

to open up new avenues of knowledge to explore

拓展

Fifth Avenue

（美国纽约的）第五大道

Channel

n. 电视台，电视频道；渠道，途径；方式，方法；水渠；海峡

v. 为……引资，倾注；（利用某途径）输送资金，提供帮助

例句

Once a channel of communication has been established, regardless of what it is, it needs to be used appropriately.

拓展

Discovery Channel

探索频道

Mode

n. 方式；风格，样式；（设备的）模式；（情感或行为的）状态，状况

role mode = example

考点

in passive consumption mode

拓展词汇

pattern

n. 图案，样式

manner

n. 行为举止，方法

new paradigm

新范式

thinking mode

思维模式

marketing mode / business mode / service mode

June 13~June 28

出于某种原因，鸽了。

June 29

Argue

v. 争吵，争论，争辩；主张，认为

例句

The study and its related press release, it should be noted, do not argue that high-volume smartphone use causes depression—only that there is a likely correlation.

派生

argument n. 理由，论据；争论，争吵

arguable adj. 可论证的，有论据的；不确定的，有疑问的

It is argued that the influence of transient（暂时的，短暂的） investment on public companies can be …

Quarrel

v. 争吵，吵架（尤指持续较长时间并且涉及许多不同的事情）

n. 口角，争吵，拌嘴；抱怨（或不赞成）的理由

派生

quarrelsome adj. 爱争吵的，好口角的

拓展

quarrel with

抱怨；不同意；跟…吵架

quarrel about

争论；为…争吵

it takes two to make a quarrel

一个巴掌拍不响

名人名言

People generally quarrel because they cannot argue.

Row

v. 划船；（尤指与恋人或家人）争吵，吵架

n. 一排，一行，一列；路，街；（尤指熟人之间的）争吵，吵架；（对重要公共事件的）争议，争论；（持续时间长的）喧闹声，吵嚷声

考点

the inevitable row over …

拓展词组

in a row

接连地；连续地

row about/over

为了……争吵

Clash

v. 发生冲突；争论，争执；（两件事情）撞期，有时间冲突

n. 冲突，打斗；争论，交锋；[用于体育报道]交手，对阵

例句

Water shortages have gotten so bad, they’ve already sparked clashes between refugees and native Jordanians, and the officials charged with catering to booming demand with a shrinking supply are beginning to panic.

Dispute

n. （尤指长时间的涉及公共事务或法律的）争论，辩论；争端，纠纷

v. 对……提出质询；对……表示异议（或怀疑）；争论，辩论；争夺，竞争

例句

Still, no one really disputes the tremendous opportunity costs to young children who are plugged in to a screen: Time spent on devices is time not spent actively exploring the world and relating to other human beings.

派生

disputable adj. 有争议的，可商榷的，有争辩余地的

拓展词组

beyond (all) dispute = certainly

毫无争议地，无可争辩地，不容置疑地

in dispute = being doubted

受到怀疑的

open to dispute = not certain

不确定的，不肯定的

Feud

v. 长期争斗，结仇，结怨

n. （个人间或群体间的）长期不和，长期争斗，世仇

fraud v./n. 欺诈

拓展

blood feud

世仇

Debate

v. （正式地）讨论，辩论；（做出决定前）反复考虑，斟酌

n. 讨论，辩论

考点

increasingly loud debates over work-life balance

Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to …

Define

v. 解释，给……下定义；阐明，规定；限定，界定；使明确

例句

The NCES (National Center for Education Statistics) defines rural locations as at least 2.5 miles from an urban cluster and 5 miles from any urbanized area.

派生

definition n. 定义，释义；清晰度

名人名言

-What of Art?

-It is a malady（疾病，弊病）.

-Love?

-An Illusion.

-Religion?

-The fashionable substitute for Belief.

-You are a sceptic.

-Never! Scepticism is the beginning of Faith.

-What are you?

-To define is to limit.

Stipulate

v. （协议、法律、规则等）规定，约定

派生

stipulation n. 条款，约定（或规定）的条件

Prescribe

v. 开（药、处方）；（人、法律、规则）规定，指定

pre- 前，先

scribe/script = writing (describe、subscribe)

派生

prescription n. 处方，药方；处方药；计划，建议，秘诀

Mental

adj. 思考的，智力的；心理上的，精神上的；疯狂的，发疯的

考点

mental health

world mental health day = October 10

派生

mentality n. 心态；思维方式

Intellectual

adj. 智力的，脑力的；理智的；有才智的

n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者

考点

to counterbalance（抵消，平衡） the intellectual and emotional demands of their jobs

to improve a child’s intellectual ability

拓展

intellectual property

知识产权，著作权

realty / real estate

Psychological

adj. 心灵的，心理的，精神的；心理学的

psych 心理；精神

Spiritual

adj. 精神的，心灵的；宗教的

考点

spiritual elevation

拓展

spiritual civilization

精神文明

material civilization

spiritual pillar

精神支柱

spiritual home

精神家园

June 30

Require

v. 需要，有赖于；使需要，使必要；（法律或规则）要求，规定；指示，命令，要求

例句

A new law in Britain requires all biggish employers to publish, by April 2018, data on the pay gap between their male and female employees.

考点

to require a lot of skill

Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

派生

requirement n.要求，需求；必要条件，必需品

Necessitate

v. 使成为必需，需要

Involve

v. 包含，需要，是成为必然部分（或结果）；牵涉，影响；（使）参加，加入

例句

The technique, which can penetrate living tissue by a few milimetres, involves measuring the way light is scattered off large molecules and structures inside cells.

考点

to involve a lot of walking

to involve striking a subtle balance

名人名言

Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn.

-It is a malady（疾病，弊病）.

-Love?

-An Illusion.

-Religion?

-The fashionable substitute for Belief.

-You are a sceptic.

-Never! Scepticism is the beginning of Faith.

-What are you?

-To define is to limit.

派生

involve adj. 参与的，涉及的；专心于……的，投入的；复杂难懂的

拓展词组

involve sb. in (doing) sth.

使某人参与到某事中

Entail

v. 牵涉；需要，使必要

lead to

考点

given the dimensions and universes that it might entail

拓展

Why does being your best friend entail me doing everything I don’t want to do? ——Shrek

Request

v. （正式或礼貌地）请求，要求；索取

n. （正式或礼貌地）请求，要求；要求的事

拓展

request for

要求，对……有要求

at the request of

应……的要求

on request

应要求

Demand

v. 强烈要求，（坚决）要求（尤因认为有权这么做）；需要

n. 需求，需要；[+s]（尤指困难、使人劳累、令人烦恼等的）要求

make both ends meet 收支平衡

考点

the demands of so much decision-making

派生

demanding adj. 费时费力的，要求很高的；苛求的，难满足的

Command

v. （尤指军官、国王等）命令，指示；指挥，统率；（战略位置）俯瞰；掌握，拥有；赢得，博得（尊敬、关注等）

n. 命令，指示；（尤指军队）指挥，统帅；掌握，运用能力

考点

to command a unique position

派生

commander n. 指挥官，长官

拓展

Command & Conquer: Red Alert

命令与征服：红色警戒

Decree

n. （尤指国家统治者颁布的）命令，法令；（法院的）裁定，判决

v. 发布命令，颁布法令

例句

And in January, the French government decreed that people at companies with more than 50 staffers can no longer be expected to answer email during their off hours—a policy dubbed “the right to disconnect.”

Divorce decree 离婚判决书

Order

n. 命令，指示；顺序，条理，秩序；订购，订单；阶级，等级

v. （利用权力或权威）命令，要求；点（菜等）；订购；排列，整理

考点

to order states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors

派生

orderly adj. 整洁的，有秩序的，有条理的

Instruct

v. （尤指详细地）给出指示，命令；教授，传授（技能等）；告知，通知

派生

instruction n. 指示，命令；教授，指导；[+s]用法说明，操作指南

instructor n. 教练，导师；大学讲师

tutor 家教，教练 coach 体育教练

Direct

adj. 直接的；径直的；直率的；正好的，恰好的

v. 把……对准，针对；使（注意力、情感、行为等）转向，使……指向；管理，监督，指导；（尤指官方或法律）指示，命令；执导（电影等）

adv. 中途不停地，径直地

例句

The mode made all of Uber’s cars disappear from the map and directed users to a petition.

pet- 宠物→有所求 petition 请愿

名人名言

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity（怀疑）. It was the season of light, it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.

We had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

派生

direction n. 方向，方位；趋势，动向；目标；管理；指导；[+s]用法说明，操作指南

director n. 董事，理事；（某一活动的）负责人；导演；主任，主管

directory n. 名录；通讯录；（计算机文件或程序的）目录

directly adv. 直接地，径直地；坦率地；正好地，恰好

Dictate

v. 口授，使听写；命令，规定；支配，影响，决定

n. 命令；（必须遵循的）原则

考点

to control our emotions so they are manageable and don’t dictate our behaviours

派生

dictation n. 口授；听写；强令，专断

dictator n. 独裁者，专政者

dictatorship 独裁，专政

名人名言

No man has the right to dictate what other men should perceive, create or produce. But all should be encouraged to reveal themselves, their perceptions and emotions, and to build confidence in the creative spirit.

Improve

v. 改善，改进；提高，（使）变得更熟练；康复，健康好转

考点

to improve their teaching quality

派生

improvement n. 改进，改善

名人名言

To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often.

Polish

v. 擦，擦亮；改进，使完美，润色

n. 上光剂；优雅；精致，完善

派生

polished adj. 抛光的；精湛的，完美的，优雅的；彬彬有礼的

拓展词组

polish sth. up

提高，改善

e.g. The company needs to polish up its image.

metal polish 金属擦光剂，磨光剂

nail polish 指甲油

Refine

v. 提炼，精炼；（逐步）改进，完善

例句

Urmson notes that the Google car’s software currently is “set conservatively” for testing purposes, meaning it designed to err on the side of being easily triggered so engineers can refine and upgrade the system.

err on the side of 过分表现 or strive for 力求

派生

refinery n. 精炼厂；提炼厂

refinement n. 提炼，精炼；（精细的）改进，完善

Cultivate

v. 耕作；种植；培养，养成（某种素质或技能）；注重提高（自己的心智），陶冶

派生

cultivation n. 耕种；培养；（某种素质或技能的）培养

拓展

If you wish to survive you need to cultivate a strong mental attitude.