三垂冈

三垂冈

  更一篇,年度总结码字中。

英雄立马起沙陀,奈此朱梁跋扈何。

只手难扶唐社稷,连城犹拥晋山河。

风云帐下奇儿在,鼓角灯前老泪多。

萧瑟三垂冈下路,至今人唱《百年歌》。

严遂成三垂冈

  这篇七律是清代诗人严遂成过三垂冈所写的怀古诗,讲的是五代时期梁晋争霸时的历史。这一历史阶段在中晚唐和五代时期,很少在教科书中提及,可能大部分人的印象中安史之乱后就迅速过渡到赵匡胤黄袍加身了。《水浒传》开篇有诗曰:“朱李石刘郭,梁唐晋汉周,都来十五帝,播乱五十秋。”除了这五个中原政权,周边还涌现出十余个割据政权,简直乱成了一锅粥。这一历史时期可谓中国历史中最为黑暗的时刻之一,军阀混战不休,社会秩序彻底崩溃,物理上的人吃人屡见不鲜,也导致了后面的宋朝出现重文轻武,矫枉过正的情况。

  文章提到的沙陀即指沙陀族,他们属于西突厥,后来归附唐廷。沙陀人在五代表现得相当抢眼,唐晋汉都是沙陀政权。中学时候,读过一篇课文《伶官传序》,讲述了后唐庄宗李存勖的故事。当时对五代十国并不是很了解,老师也未深入拓展其中的历史背景,因此自己对此只是匆匆看罢,后面才知道这是著名的“晋王三矢”的典故:

  李存勖的父亲李克用临终前交给了他三支箭,语重心长地说:“一支箭很容易被折断,但是三支箭集合到一起便不易被折断……”嗯?不好意思串戏了,应该是说:“梁国,是我的仇敌;燕王,是我所扶持,契丹(阿保机)和我约为兄弟,他们都背叛我而归顺梁国。这三件事都是我的遗憾。给你三支箭,你不要忘记为父的遗愿!”这个时候晋国形势已经岌岌可危,外患上,梁晋之争中晋国陷入劣势,潞州被围困大半年,压力巨大;内忧上,李存勖地位不稳,李克用其他养子手握重兵,对其统治构成威胁。

  年仅21岁的李存勖出奇制胜,得益于张承业的协助,设伏擒杀试图挑战自己地位的李克宁、李存颢等人,随后亲自率军解救长期被后梁军队围攻的潞州,在三垂冈设伏,趁大雾袭击梁军大营。十九年前,也是在此地,李克用在冈上的明皇庙前设宴,听伶人奏唱《百年歌》。歌词描绘了人衰老之状,声调凄苦悲伤,只听得李克用老泪纵横。当时的李存勖年仅五岁,也随侍在侧。李克用指着李存勖,对诸将说:“老夫已老,壮志未酬。但二十年后,此子必能代我战于此地,完成我未竟的功业。”果然应他所言,初袭王位的李存勖在三垂冈大胜梁军,成功解围潞州,奠定了晋国崛起的基础。朱温也不禁感叹:“生子当如李亚子,李克用虽死犹生。”

  接着,李存勖采取了一系列措施整顿内政:强化军纪、关心孤寡、委任贤才、严惩贪污、宽刑缓罚、打击盗贼,使得晋国气象焕然一新。对外,李存勖先攻下幽州,完成了对燕国的复仇。公元917年,在幽州城外大败契丹军、俘斩以万计,击退了契丹的侵略。随后,李存勖集中精力对付后梁。当时朱温已经去世,面对李存勖犹如猛虎一般的进攻,末代梁帝朱友贞无力抵挡,节节败退。公元923年,后梁灭亡。李存勖完成了父亲的三矢遗命,去太庙祭奠了父亲的在天之灵。自登基以来,他亲自参与百余次大战,多次险死还生,先后击败后梁、桀燕、前蜀,平定成德,击退契丹,战功赫赫,天下震撼。

  正当以为李存勖拿的是太宗光武的剧本,演绎大唐中兴之时,李存勖却仿佛瞬间变了一个人,换上了玄宗晚年的剧本,他吝啬对有功之将的奖赏,而自己却沉湎于奢侈之中。在朝堂上任用宦官和伶人,诛杀功臣,致使民心离散,其帝位仅维持不到四年就迎来了兴教门之变,最终死在宠幸的伶人手中。欧阳修对此评价:“故方其盛也,举天下之豪杰,莫能与之争;及其衰也,数十伶人困之,而身死国灭,为天下笑。”这正应了“忧劳可以兴国,逸豫可以亡身”的道理。这么看来,或许是因为李克用箭给少了,作业早早完成没其他事可做,要是给个十把八把的早没事了。

  李存勖多才多艺,擅作诗词,也好歌舞戏剧,常常登台演出,艺名“李天下”。其中有一阙《忆仙姿》:

曾宴桃源深洞,

一曲清歌舞凤。

长记欲别时,

和泪出门相送。

如梦!如梦!

残月落花烟重。

李存勖忆仙姿

  苏轼嫌其不雅,改词牌名为《如梦令》,如梦如梦,正好反映了李存勖的一生。

PS:清代刘翰作了一篇《李克用置酒三垂冈赋》,原文如下:

漳水风寒,潞城云紫;浩气横飞,雄狮直指。
与诸君痛饮,血战余生;命乐部长歌,心惊不已。
洒神京之清泪,藩镇无君;席部落之余威,沙陀有子。
俯视六州三部,须眉更属何人;悬知万岁千秋,魂魄犹应恋此。
方李克用之克邢州也,大敌既破,我军言旋;霓旌渐远,露布纷传。
虽贼满中原,饮至之仪已废;而师归故里,凯歌之乐方宣。
更无围驿连车,醉教水沃;除是临江横槊,著我鞭先。
有三垂岗者,一城孤倚,四战无常;远连夹寨,近接渠乡。
於是敞琼席,启瑶觞。举烽命釂,振衣远望。
快马健儿,是何意态!平沙落日,无限悲凉。
听百年之歌曲,玩五岁之雏郎。
空怜报国无期,慕麒麟於汉代;未免誉儿有癖,傲豚犬於梁王。
座上酒龙,膝前人骥;磊块勘浇,箕裘可寄。
目空十国群雄,心念廿年后事。
玉如意,指挥倜傥,一坐皆惊;金叵罗,倾倒淋漓,千杯未醉。
无端长啸,刘元海同此丰神;未敢明言,周文王已先位置。
胜地长留,厥言非偶。
问后日之墨縗,果当年之黄口。
壮猷乍展,誓扫欃枪;陈迹重寻,依然陵阜。
怅麻衣之如雪,木主来无;皎玉树以临风,山灵识否?
峰峦无恙,还当陟彼高冈;杯棬空存,岂忍宜言饮酒。
雏凤音清,鼎龙髯去。
先君之愿克偿,佳儿之功益著。
临风惆怅,何处魂招;大雾迷漫,定知神助。
生子当如是,孙仲谋尚有降书;杀人莫敢前,朱全忠闻而失箸。
三百年残山賸水,留作少年角逐之场;五千人卷甲偃旗,重经老子婆娑之处。
世有好古幽人,耽吟健者;时载酒而题诗,试登高而望野。
云霾沛郡,莫寻汉祖高台;日照许都,空拾魏王片瓦。
回忆一门豪杰,韵事如新;剧怜五季干戈,忧怀欲写。
茫茫百感,问英雄今安在哉!了了小时,岂帝王自有真也。

刘翰李克用置酒三垂冈赋

  看着很陌生?其实《从百草园到三味书屋》里面先生诵的就是这篇。

  

  

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